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知识的古希腊定义
2006-05-06
The ancient Greeks differentiated between four kinds of knowledge:
Episteme 知识
-abstract generalizations, basis and essence of sciences; scientific laws and principles
Techne 技能
-technical know-how, being able to get things done, manuals, communities of practice
Phronesis 经验
-practical wisdom, drawn from social practice
Metis 智慧
-“It is what the flair, the knack and the bent of the successful politician is made of: a form of
knowledge which is at the opposite end of metaphysics, with no quest of ideal, but a search for a
practical end; an embodied, incarnate, substantial form of knowledge.”
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知识的维度
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1.技术维
The technology dimensions:
Lotus groupware products, search engines, intellectual capital management (ICM) databases, and capture technologies are all intended to solve the KM problem technologically
(the motto is: “Let’s have the finest technology”).
2.逻辑维
The organizational or “logistical” dimension:
How is knowledge captured, managed, stored, disseminated,replicated, and reused? What are the recipes,manuals, and processes for managing knowledge effectively in order to harvest economical value
(motto: “Let’s create the utmost economic value from our knowledge assets”)?
3.社会维
The social dimension: Emphasis is on sharing of knowledge between people, building communities
of knowledge workers, sharing personal experiences,building effective (and socially satisfying)
networks of people, establishing corporate culture,coaching, mentoring
(motto: “Let’s share knowledge as with friends we trust”).
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四种不同的人对知识管理的描述，表现了四个完全不同的视角
describe what KM is about.
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公司管理者Corporate Guardian:
“First of all, we have to define what KM is. It is not necessary to implement
processes to find the truth. We just need a notion of KM that is useful in practice. It must emphasize
the need to manage knowledge in a way that allows us to reuse knowledge for the benefit of our
organization. We have to capture and harvest all useful knowledge. We have to be concerned with
security in order to ensure that no knowledge is lost. KM standards and participation in standardization
processes are a must. The management will communicate in a standard way to all the employees.
KM processes will enable the company to act as a whole. Everyone uses the same terminology,
speaks the same language, and the enterprise speaks with one voice to its customers. KM makes
the company a team and a unified force”
(Techne 技能).
偏执的功利主义者 Utilitarian Artisan:
“I am learning from my master. I need the knowledge in my body and in my
fingertips. I watch excellence at work. I try to sense the excellence in masterpieces. My own work will
ultimately be performed by my expert hand. I do not need knowledge management at all. I need just
the master. You know what I mean? Maybe you’ll say it’s coaching or mentoring. It’s not. It’s the master”
(Phronesis 经验).
所谓的完美合作者 Cooperative Idealist:
“In our world of matrix organizations, we see that projects and organizational
structures are coming and going. The processes are in a continuous process of change. The only stable
element is each individual’s personal network. You have to be a member in well-established communities
of colleagues and friends. You have to join a great world of sharing and caring, a world of satisfying
personal interrelationships. The new mantras at work are now trust and interdependence.We
need KM to reach everyone and to form communities. We need the tools, of course, but we also
need people, because each community needs a leader who is the very heart of it. That’s all.”
理性的功利主义者Utilitarian Rational:
“I know 95 percent, say, of everything within my field of expertise. The hard
problem is to know virtually all of it. I need a lot of search technology to find what I still don’t know.
I need databases to have easy access to them. I hate educational surveys and “soft” psychological
knowledge. I hate one-day courses that promise you will be able to understand another universe.
I hate all the trivial manual-style recipe books written by clerks. I hate all educational efforts toward
standardization. I am a guru. The standard is the antithesis of the outstanding. If management requires
my buying into standards, this amounts to coercion
(Episteme 知识).
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